ABSTRACT
The main kinds of smart growth policies include: More local kinds of smart growth actions include: Retired Chicago Federation of Labor president Don Turner is passionate about sprawl and its antiunion impact. Transit ridership declines, forcing cities to cut service, defer maintenance and improvements, reduce crew sizes, and consider privatization. For if the movement against sprawl remains a predominantly white suburban formation dealing with growth limits and open spaces, it is doomed to failure-it will not save the cities and take the pressure off the suburban fringes. Indeed, if you mesh the urban-reinvestment agenda of smart growth with labor's organizing priorities, the fight against sprawl looks like a coalition blueprint for Union Cities. Indeed, a 2003 survey of labor federation leaders, found that they all see problems with sprawling development and have all lobbied for urban reinvestment policies that are central to smart growth.
