Each year, federal, state, and local governments in the United States invest hundreds of millions of dollars in university leadership courses, executive development programs, and off-site retreats for mid-level managers; yet, leadership continues to be cited as the weakest link in public service, resulting in poor agency performance, scores of billions of taxpayer dollars wasted, and low employee morale (National Academy of Public Administration [NAPA] 2002; U.S. Office of Personnel Management [OPM] 2005; Walker 2005).