ABSTRACT
In several countries, the expansion of extractive industries has increased conflict over land use, generating a critical policy concern for various levels of government. Such contests are, of course, not novel; resource development inevitably brings about change, and there have always been trade-offs between economic, environmental and social interests. However, the current intensification of extractive development, combined with new and potentially risky extractive technologies, has created different challenges. This chapter presents the findings from the case study chapters, situating injustice as a principal driver of land use conflict. It identifies the key environmental justice themes that emerged from the case studies; specifically, the capacity of stakeholders to participate in decision making, and the framing of issues that downgrades the importance of place-based claims. Injustice is produced through the interactions between various actors and numerous intertwined structural processes.
