ABSTRACT
While Freud (1915) was well aware that “our perceptions are subjectively conditioned and must not be regarded as identical with that which is perceived” (p. 171), his observations and theories were embedded in the positivistic science of his day and emphasized the analyst’s objectivity and the patient’s transference distortions of reality. In 1927 heisenberg’s uncertainty Principle was based on a demonstration in quantum physics of the observer effect-that is, the act of observation affects that which is observed-initiating a revolutionary change in epistemological paradigms from positivistic to relativistic science, later termed from objectivism to constructivism.
