ABSTRACT
This chapter shows that Canada is a part, is the policy trilemma currently facing governments, specifically the difficulty of simultaneously attaining energy security, sustainable climate and economic competitiveness, or economic security. While energy policy is normally a provincial power, critical to climate policy, the federal government becomes involved when energy commodities cross provincial or international borders. When economic security, energy security and climate security point in the same direction, they are mutually reinforcing and climate policy is likely to advance. Canada is a geographically large federation with distinct powers assigned to the federal and provincial levels of government. Canada's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions is deep by any measure given current emissions trends, and is likely to be dependent on a suite of aggressive provincial policies and new federal policies. Decarbonization of heavy industry, freight transport, and aviation is more difficult.
