Differing forms of capital: setting the scene for mutuality and co-operation in the

Introduction The ‘standard’ business organizational model or pattern has generally been regarded to be private ownership, either directly by an individual or family or by external shareholders, often as ‘at all costs’ profit-maximizers and aggressively competitive. This narrow, blinkered and ethnocentric perspective has too often been blindly followed in academia and research. Yet, there are alternatives to this. These include mutuals and co-operatives, organizations that are generally owned and run by and for members. Indeed, following the 2008 global financial crisis, such organizational forms and structures have received renewed interest, especially by some politicians who have belatedly come to see the ‘standard’ or ‘typical’ private sector organization, especially in finance, as having no social responsibility, being rapacious and overly paying for non-performance due in part to moral hazard. There are clearly alternatives to this.