ABSTRACT
In order to consider art as a human universal, it is of course necessary to decide what is meant both by the term “universal” and by the word “art”. “Universal” may imply that a feature (e.g. art) is untaught and appears spontaneously, is latent in all normal individuals, has been invented by all cultures, or is a product of some people (e.g. artists) that has been important in all societies. ese meanings arise from dierent assumptions and carry incompatible implications.1
