ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on some of the simplest animal "minds" that have so far been investigated: those of arthropods, specifically ants and bees. Whether a system has literal intentionality has sometimes been thought to turn on its cognitive architecture. The chapter considers the desert ant, Cataglyphis fortis, which lives in the relatively featureless Tunisian desert. The ant is sensitive to visual stimuli that correlate with landmarks. Whereas Wehner's ant architecture specifies how the deliverances of each subsystem supply input to others, Menzel and Giurfa propose that, in the honeybee, outputs of individual modular navigation systems enter into a common "central integration" space. Trained to associate sugar water with lines oriented in a particular direction, they responded to both genuine rectangles and Kanizsa figures oriented in the same direction — even though, in the latter case, there is no actual rectangle.
