ABSTRACT
Spying takes many forms. One may spy on specific individuals or groups on the basis of prior intelligence, in order to verify some specific suspicions or to accumulate more evidence: this is discriminate reactive spying. Standard espionage novels for the most part utilise discriminate reactive spying and this is how the term ‘spying’ is widely understood in popular culture. At least since Gary Marx’s classical study of undercover police surveillance (Marx 1989), moreover, discriminate reactive spying has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention.
