Basic Laboratory Photography Methods: Close-up Photography, Photomacrography, and Stereomicroscopy

A laboratory-raised Papilio polyxenes or black swallowtail (Hodges #4159) caterpillar shows the partial deployment of the osmeterium just prior to girdling itself onto the branch with the production of its fi rst silk loop. The osmeterium is a defensive organ that emits a foul and disagreeable odor serving to repel predators. Photograph courtesy of Todd J. Dreyer.