ABSTRACT
The birth of penology is commonly associated with the penal theories produced by utilitarian legal philosophers Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham in the eighteenth century. Over time, penology has come to assume a range of other, not necessarily mutually incompatible forms. The most important of these are usefully described by Spanish scholar Manuel Lopez-Rey in his typology of penologies. The first major type is what Lopez-Rey calls 'administrative penology'. The second major type in Lopez-Rey's account is what he terms 'scientific penology'. The third major type in Lopez-Rey's discussion is 'analytical penology'. In recent years, analytical penology has also shown growing interest in the relationship between political systems and punishment, both in terms of whether certain levels and patterns of punishment are distinct to particular political systems, and in terms of the politico-institutional and other factors that account for any observed similarities or differences.
