ABSTRACT
The Christian and Muslim communities of al-Andalus exerted enormous influence on Christian-held territories, though the nature of that influence varied over time. Relations between the two communities in urban areas differed considerably from those found in rural milieus, due in part to the different attitudes of the authorities and in part to the complete lack of links between the urban and rural worlds. Relations between Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula have received only intermittent attention, being relegated to a secondary position among research interests. The short history of the Christian presence in al-Andalus entered its final phase of decline in the eleventh century, culminating in the fall of Seville and the flight of Clement, the last Archbishop of the city. Certain ritual practices retained by Mudejars and Moriscos were banned in the Christian kingdoms, including the muezzin's call to prayer, prohibited in 1318 by King Jaime II.
