ABSTRACT
There are standard model-theoretic semantic frameworks which deal with both intensional operators and context-sensitive expressions. This chapter provides a brief overview of the various moving parts of these frameworks, the roles of context and index, the need for double indexing, and the relationship between semantic value and content. Kaplan insisted on a two-step semantic procedure, which resolved all context-sensitivity before proceeding, and which distinguished between two kinds of meaning, the character and the content of an expression. That a semantics for languages with indexicals embedded under intensional operators requires double indexing was first pointed out by Kamp (1971) with regard to tense logic. Contextualism does not require that evidence plays a central role in the account of knowledge, it is compatible with more externalist epistemologies which might cash out the epistemic standard in terms of reliability. 'Knows' is also often taken to be context-sensitive in an interesting way.
