ABSTRACT
The relations and dependencies within and between the cost and benefit categories are immense and often unclear and do not allow for an economic review so far. However, we elaborated different approaches of evaluation and studied diverse sub-disciplines, such as environmental and ecological economics as well as health, national, urban and business economics. Studies show a clear correlation between light at night and different forms of land use, the level of direct investment and the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Biodiversity and ecosystem evaluation provides a good example of the complexity and the problems associated with the quantification of the positive and negative effects of lighting and light pollution. The lighting level is a performance requirement for street lighting standardised in European and national norms and technical guidelines. Energy efficiencyis the most frequently named reason for replacing lamps-unsurprisingly it has a big influence on light and energy wastage.
