ABSTRACT
Planners in different nations have influenced urban, regional, and national planning in different ways and at different times since modern planning emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century. Manuel Castells, who focuses on relationship between information technology and urban planning, argues that all countries must respond to changes that revolution in information technology is causing. Planning processes in many countries became more open and transparent, and plans began to pay more attention to issues other than economic development like racial and class equity, livability, and environmental protection. In industrializing countries emerging from colonial rule, the dominant planning culture was equally optimistic and more centralized than in industrialized countries. At a time when planning was under attack and losing its traditional power, there was a communicative turn among planning theorists in industrializing countries. As globalization of industrial production became increasingly widespread, manufacturing industries were moving out of old industrial cities. Most city planning offices were poorly staffed, with limited resources.
