ABSTRACT
Economic agents engaged in recycling activities under a regime that aims to realize the desired resource circulation are called formal actors. In trans-border venous resource trading, a large amount of resources are sold and transported to countries where informal actors are dominant. In the venous economy, the private costs individual actors face are usually lower than the favorable costs, which include social costs for environmental protection due to information asymmetry and the absence of relevant markets. Therefore, a true optimal resource circulation regime must be established beyond national borders through international cooperation. Since the 1960s, Japanese society has faced the diversification and rapid increase of waste materials due to the concentration of population in urban areas and the development of industrial activities. According to Japanese companies in Thailand, the company has a high level of technology but charges high handling fees. Twenty percent of 16 million tons of household waste generated per year is sent to waste-to-energy facilities.
