ABSTRACT
The traditionalist jurisprudence takes a mainly positivist approach to the concept of Divine rights and, thus, enumerates only those actions that are called for in the Book confirmatively. The constitutionalist revolution was extremely successful and influential in unifying major parts of the Shiʿi jurisprudence, especially in muʿamalat and adillat al-ithbat, with the Iranian Civil Code, a major outcome which remains mostly intact to present. The 1905–1911 constitutionalist revolution in Iran put an end to the actual life of sultanate model. The progressive results of the 1905–1911 constitutionalist revolution reverted to authoritarianism chiefly because of the external interventions of the two dominating Russian and British empires. The disappointing impact of the constitutionalist revolution’s defeat was exacerbated by the decimation of the 1921 Iraqi resistance against the British Empire’s occupation. Furthermore, the devastating consequences of the Second World War in the Middle East met with little to no independent reactions from the Pahlavi kings in Iran.
