ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the countertendencies to the cross-border entanglements and ideologies, shifting from networks to the individual level as a lens to probe the diversity of the anarchist movement. It argues that, at the individual level, within the pre World War I anarchist movements, transnational and international impulses were intertwined with countertendencies, such as a strong national or even nationalist outlook, as well as occasional ideological brushes with anti-Semitism. The study of pre-1914 anarchist and syndicalist movements, where transnationalism has proved to be a remarkably fruitful line of investigation, is consequently an excellent testing ground to examine all the factors running against transnationalizing and internationalizing tendencies. Unlike other contemporary anarchist publications, it did not have a stable network of international correspondents, so that international news tended to be piecemeal. This changed in the early 1890s, as the French anarchist movement became transnational, largely as a result of police repression and subsequent exile.
