ABSTRACT
Teaching and learning are primarily communication processes that rely on interactions of students and teachers. Any factor that inhibits effective communication in the teaching and learning process therefore adversely affects the learning process; if communication is restricted or gender biased, then learning will be different for girls and boys. Because of the foundational role of communication in all learning, this chapter focuses primarily on teaching/learning of the basic skills of listening, reading, speaking, and writing. We attend to communication as a primary subject matter only briefly.1
