ABSTRACT
Enhancing teaching and learning effectiveness is the most important duty of teachers and curriculum leaders, such as the prefect of studies and subject panel heads, in schools. The standards of learning outcomes and effectiveness of students’ learning depend heavily on the quality of the curriculum planned and delivered. Since the mid-1990s, many Asian countries have launched large-scale educational reform to facilitate economic and social development (Kennedy & Lee, 2010). One of the reform initiatives is to empower teachers to adapt the centrally developed curriculum.
