ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the vaccinations used in Japan as infectious disease countermeasures. It also identifies importance of the healthcare economic analysis results, regarding to the issue of routine vaccinations and their diversity and a range of assumptions, measurements and analyses based on the uncertain data arising from the unique premises of the analysis methods. Japanese Yen (JPY) 5 million is used as a measure of the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) threshold for one quality-adjusted life year (QALY) attained. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 1974 with the aim of vaccinating infants and children, and in 2012 launched the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP). To provide vaccines to the market, the approval to manufacture and sell under the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act. Pediatric pneumococcal vaccines are normally administered three times to children from zero to four years of age, beginning between two and seven months of age.
