ABSTRACT
It is increasingly recognised that the governance of climate change occurs simultaneously at multiple levels. Responses to the problem of climate change are now formulated through intergovernmental (i.e. the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change—UNFCCC), as well as by transnational processes. Transnational climate governance occurs when cities, companies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and other sub- and non-state actors coordinate across borders to govern climate change. Attempts to map transnational climate governance have identified that between 60 and 75 transnational climate ‘institutions’, ‘initiatives’ or ‘experiments’ (Bulkeley et al., 2012; Hale & Roger, 2014; Hoffmann, 2011) have been introduced since the 1990s.
