ABSTRACT
A university education and professional internships were both paths into the profession. In the face of an increasingly complex world following the Second World War, university-based professional education became the norm throughout the US and Western Europe. Perkin characterizes the university as 'transformed from a seminary for priests and a finishing school for gentlemen into a professional school for every expert occupation'. In 1970 the federal government in the US struck a significant blow to the professions when it ruled that the Sherman Antitrust act should be applied to the professions' use of minimum fee schedules, declaring them 'a means of price fixing' by commercial - as opposed to professional - entities and therefore illegal. Organizationally, owners, architects, and contractors were primarily small, independent entities, operating cooperatively on local projects. Hence Bannister's discomfort in the mid-1950s with the perceived shortcomings of architectural education, which now seemed inadequate to confront the exertions of postwar capitalism.
