ABSTRACT
Memory in reflective mode relies more on intentional processes. Memory in operational mode relies more on automatic processes. Interest in awareness and memory was crystallised by the distinction P. Graf and D. L. Schacter drew between explicit and implicit memory. Explicit tests engage memory in reflective mode because the instructions specify conscious recollection or remembering. Implicit tests engage memory in operational mode because memory is used as a device for the accomplishment of some task that is nominally unconnected with conscious recollection. Memory theory would benefit from a reform of terminology so that the same terms are not used to label memory tasks, hypothetical constructs, and states of awareness. Experiential measures of recognition memory and awareness based on the distinction between remembering and knowing reveal systematic dissociations between these two states of awareness that could not be inferred from conventional measures of accuracy or of confidence.
