ABSTRACT
Deception is expected; even if the target might suspect that the truth is not being told it is improper to question it. Poker is another situation in which the rules of the game sanction and notify the players that deception will occur, and therefore one can not consider bluffing to be a lie. Marriages differ regarding the obligation to report without being asked if an extramarital affair has begun. A terminal cancer patient who believes he is going to recover even though there are many signs of a rapidly progressing, incurable malignant tumor, maintains a false belief. Lawrence Mulloy also maintained a false belief, believing the shuttle could be safely launched. A week before President Bill Clinton took office, a reporter charged that he had broken his campaign promise about Haitian immigration because was now adopting the position of former President Bush—a policy he had criticized during the election campaign.
