ABSTRACT
In this chapter we examine the dynamic interplay between autonomy and dependency across four phases of the life span: infancy/early childhood, adolescence, middle adulthood, and old age. The concept of developmental task is used to emphasize three different sources — physical/ 42organic, social/cultural, and psychological—creating this dynamic by exerting demands, pressures, restrictions, and opportunities differing in number, degree, and scope across the life course. In applying such a framework we highlight the phase-specific mutuality between dependency and autonomy and provide some description of, and explanation for, interindividual differences in patterns of autonomy and dependency across the life span. In accord with contemporary scholarship in this domain, we underscore throughout the chapter that dependency, when considered in its diverse expressions, as there are in attachment, social connection, interdependence, and reciprocity, is not necessarily an obstacle to be hurdled and outgrown —an antagonist to optimal functioning —but is vital to human growth and well-being. We pay special attention to the necessity of observing individuals’ competence levels and ensuring multiple environments that provide a match with these competencies and existing needs.
