ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the key energy-intensive industries: iron and steel, chemicals (including fertilizers), petroleum refining, minerals (cement, lime, glass and ceramics), and pulp and paper. It discusses cross-cutting and industry-wide technology opportunities, process or sector-specific technologies, as well as management or operational opportunities. The chapter explains process-specific mitigation options, focusing on energy-intensive industries: iron and steel, chemicals, petroleum refining, minerals (cement, lime and glass), and pulp and paper. The more successful programmes are typically those that have either an implicit threat of future taxes or regulations or those that work in conjunction with an energy or carbon tax, such as the Dutch Long-Term Agreements, the Danish Agreement on Industrial Energy Efficiency and the UK Climate Change Agreements.
