‘What does it take to be a man? What is a real man?'

This chapter provides insights into both explicit and implicit masculinity ideologies that may be associated with sexual risk for a sample of Black heterosexual men in Philadelphia. Explicit ideologies of masculinity included that Black men should have sex with multiple women, often concurrently, and not be gay or bisexual. The ideology of masculinity that men are socialised to have more non-relational attitudes to sex compared with women is not new. An abundant empirical base documents that men, regardless of race, ethnicity and nationality, affirm the masculinity ideology that men should have sex with multiple women. At the end of one focus group, Joe mused: That is a good question: 'What does it take to be a man? What is a real man?' The voices of the men in people study illustrates that the answer to this question is multifaceted, complex, dependent on structural context and dynamic.