ABSTRACT
People communicate using verbal and non-verbal meaning. Non-verbal communication (Mehrabian 1972, Argyle 1975, Morris 1977, Druckman et al. 1982) is generated both by the active behaviour of proxemics (Hall 1966, 1968, 1974) and kinesics (Hall 1959, Birdwhistell 1970) and by material behaviour such as the spatial arrangement of inert entities in a settlement (Fletcher 1981a, 1984). Verbal communication has until recently been entirely carried by the active behaviour of speaking or singing. Only in the past 5000 years has the storage and transmission of verbal meaning by material behaviour become fully established, first by writing and, in the present century, by various electronic devices.
