ABSTRACT
A topic of major theoretical interest within cognitive psychology pertains to the bidirectional relations among cognitive and emotional processes. In this literature, most attention has been focused on memory phenomena of various kinds (Blaney, 1986; Bower, 1981; Ellis & Ashbrook, 1987, 1988; Johnson & Magaro, 1987). And almost without exception, this research has focused on “conscious” or explicit memory: the person’s conscious, intentional recollection of some previous episode, most commonly reflected in standard tests of recall and recognition. So, for example, congruence between the the individual’s mood states at encoding and retrieval appears to affect the accessibility of memories (Eich & Metcalfe, 1989). Moreover, the retrieval of emotional memories obviously can affect the individual’s mood state—although this effect has not received much attention in the experimental literature. However, there is more to memory than what the individual can bring to awareness in an act of conscious, intentional, recall or recognition. The purpose of this chapter is to review findings that can be conceptualized as involving what has variously been referred to as unconscious memory (e.g., Breuer & Freud, 1893/1955; Prince, 1914), memory without awareness (e.g., Eich, 1984; Eriksen, 1960; Jacoby & Witherspoon, 1982), or implicit memory (Graf & Schacter, 1985; Schacter, 1987, 1989, in press).
