ABSTRACT
The traditional security conceptions centered on geopolitics, military strength, and foreign policy among nation-states, grant a minor role to civil society organizations, business, local government, and political culture. Many civil security threats in 1918-21, such as corruption, human security, natural disasters, currency speculation, or the alienation of national minorities, were not prioritized or seen as existential. Georgian citizens were well aware of the Red Terror campaign in neighboring Russia; in this sense the Georgian democratic government was the main provider of human security. Compared to Georgian statehood after 1995, the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) had none of the advantages of Eduard Shevardnadze's or Mikheil Saakashvili's governments, which operated in an international system that provided economic aid and political succor to the embryonic post-communist states. The National Security Concept (NSC) did not consider Russian military bases located in Georgia as a top priority threat to Georgia's sovereignty, though they remained a risk to national security.
