a It siespsaar id attehC at iricflaen , hAeE so wmaenttismteossh ta ayst in otphaeystahmeeSpElaocfeh and in ord M Circle, for release. is own Cir ecrlet , oedso pe scoiah ll aysitfoittriasnasnfeOrt & oiasnpduttehserTerliab ti unngalt ’ o s 40. f ‘I encitshieonF is not binding on oodgrain oofdorfoprurW ch oarskeporfocgtrrhoaecmgkm ov er eyse , rinnm fl ean te t d , and furn so it is i m tu u re staenrldrio tt lllesw us i e th d upkeep ofb ic ytiitr io riga f gove ursnn ti aomnesst , afuft . ment buil idliin sa gtsiohnavoef 41. cTohmee to light’ [Krishnaswamy, amou tnhtr . ee Supervisors who ca m 19 e80i ] n . the first half of 1981 all reputedly had to pay this 42. o W rd el elrotvoersh1a0r0eAoEustftohuend sh tohre tf m al sle lv oefsphoasv ts i , ngan to dtparkeesucm om ab pluyls ( osriy nc oenteh -e monnotrhmh al o li rdaa ti yos in S su u p pervisors to AEs is 4:1) well over 400 Supervisors. Occasio of won p d ly erasnhdodwem th aenydafroerhsatn af dflemduisntb ir eringoar ti m on al d in epaanry tm b e ig ntcsoenlssterwun ct ailoinmobraglaannicseastiboent , waenedno th nee 43. uHnegnacteedfairtm is e m rs o c re o m di m ffi ocnullytfdoor th n e ot want gates on their sluices, hebreecianusteheifwtohre ld s . luices are w ta a il t -e erndselnotcad ti oow ns n do to wtahnetmu . psT tr heiasm st asf lu fitcoescu to tobfeTg th a e te ir d , wsaotetrh . aOttnhe th yeco an th beerh cl aonsde , dfa armers in themselves and what they want fo rstohretro es ftdoifve th rg eesnycse te m be itswaeefnunw da h m at e n ir ta ri lgfaetaotrusrewnadnmt ore irrig of can fo arl 44. aOrneeaahta ion. swshiscyhmapraethnyotwzhoenreed the farmers could grow some crop other than paddy. But in some ffa ro il m ur e (z too ned) paddy areas hfiogrhp er adudpy the land provide adequate drainage , . toIngrtohw is an is too saturated by seepage from the canal, or 45. A few engineers who reach SE or CE rank stil clafsyeotthheeerncg ro in p e ; e w rs hich reflects poor zoning, and do a mediocre job and to keep quiet in the face i o nd f w in rtoon le grdaobilneg th heapvreesmsuuc re hslteossbjeuscto if rir ca , and simply retire early u . ptti , otno . dSeEsiagpnpaon in One officials th dtaecdon to st a ru bcitg io nne , wanWdosraliddBoapnekn -l ayidaetdmpereotjien ct t if the minor distributories had been pr gos was appalled at the poor standard of first place, the large amounts now having to be spen pteorflyend gineers and senior government unnecessary. He was harrassed so fiercely by his colleag uteosu (i peg si rgandeed th and con t is said) tehm at w he osu tructed re ld ti rheadveeinbete he know arly. nId ta elpelnet at least one CE who t e in dgatnhded Ir yrn ig am ati ioc, naD nd d o id nethseu epartmen ssp am t ec e t , sfsourcshim of a poten pielo ar re tial pilnetaeasroen rna m s. o B re otlh ik m el eynl constituenc tyowetraekeoutthsitsancdoiunrgsley , 46. cCho id ll iencg to m rs eafvoerrangoetlg es iv sitnhgan two years in a place before being transferred. fAorco re rr feos rm po . ndent, h It eiisstvheerCy, o v ll eercytoprow th eartftw he ouC ld ollector a centra ul—fo rni ormally be exp l place in the checking mechanism, writes: are overwhelmingly in not letti nnsgtacnocreru in ptM io anh ec atreadsh to tr a c . oIntt get out of hrso ee l m th set system. In s and; th oem ris ekthtaothhiiosm in e states seen m, itfeh re estiss This b is rinboetsohkinm ave at it, is enormous [loss of career t my ism el pfraerses io re nlafto iv retlhyesam re a a ll I in kntohw is ; l e ig sp het. and disgrace], and the gains from taking what the Collector’s interests are, and what he is acb ia le ll y to because of the distinction between 47. cBoem tte m rm an edntisLeexvpyec is teadlteovyreosnultthien . increase in land values wdhoi . ch the bringing of land under 48. sTyhsitsem di f in fe irrern ig ce in whole. Speed m at o io nnth is e s ‘ ipmairltairaltoeq th ueilp ib ro rium’ and ‘genera ey, if common, prob b ab ab ly le heafsfetch ts of‘slp equilibrium’ effects of the corrupt performance of the bureaucracy, as officials cut ba eck ef ftehcetieoefdsm lo ownienyg ’ d in otwhneb th uereoavuecrraalclywaosrkatphaiysm re ednutcoefdblre ib ve els , tobydm ea elaw ns it ohftw he hiirchpa in rt d ic iv uildauraclassaerse . able rtwooarckceelfefroartteinofo fi rcd ia elrs ’ toefifnov rt itfero th m e 49. T br hiibserhyoladnsdbeex ca to urste io tnheph ay ig m he ernttsaxceosmweoduilsdprlo ik peo ly rt ifoan ll a o te n items of mass consumption, while 50. A of naangortihceurltsuoru al theecronnsotm at ies , ttwoitwhhdoem ta iIlepdutknqouw es lteidogneso si fmalilya from the lande la rrgteoitrh ri ogsaetiaodndc re adn . al m th replied as follows: ssed in th eiuspplaapnedrs , : and in ord M Circle, for release. is own Cir 39. T

doi:10.4324/9781315827902-40

Chapter

a It siespsaar id attehC at iricflaen , hAeE so wmaenttismteossh ta ayst in otphaeystahmeeSpElaocfeh and in ord M Circle, for release. is own Cir ecrlet , oedso pe scoiah ll aysitfoittriasnasnfeOrt & oiasnpduttehserTerliab ti unngalt ’ o s 40. f ‘I encitshieonF is not binding on oodgrain oofdorfoprurW ch oarskeporfocgtrrhoaecmgkm ov er eyse , rinnm fl ean te t d , and furn so it is i m tu u re staenrldrio tt lllesw us i e th d upkeep ofb ic ytiitr io riga f gove ursnn ti aomnesst , afuft . ment buil idliin sa gtsiohnavoef 41. cTohmee to light’ [Krishnaswamy, amou tnhtr . ee Supervisors who ca m 19 e80i ] n . the first half of 1981 all reputedly had to pay this 42. o W rd el elrotvoersh1a0r0eAoEustftohuend sh tohre tf m al sle lv oefsphoasv ts i , ngan to dtparkeesucm om ab pluyls ( osriy nc oenteh -e monnotrhmh al o li rdaa ti yos in S su u p pervisors to AEs is 4:1) well over 400 Supervisors. Occasio of won p d ly erasnhdodwem th aenydafroerhsatn af dflemduisntb ir eringoar ti m on al d in epaanry tm b e ig ntcsoenlssterwun ct ailoinmobraglaannicseastiboent , waenedno th nee 43. uHnegnacteedfairtm is e m rs o c re o m di m ffi ocnullytfdoor th n e ot want gates on their sluices, hebreecianusteheifwtohre ld s . luices are w ta a il t -e erndselnotcad ti oow ns n do to wtahnetmu . psT tr heiasm st asf lu fitcoescu to tobfeTg th a e te ir d , wsaotetrh . aOttnhe th yeco an th beerh cl aonsde , dfa armers in themselves and what they want fo rstohretro es ftdoifve th rg eesnycse te m be itswaeefnunw da h m at e n ir ta ri lgfaetaotrusrewnadnmt ore irrig of can fo arl 44. aOrneeaahta ion. swshiscyhmapraethnyotwzhoenreed the farmers could grow some crop other than paddy. But in some ffa ro il m ur e (z too ned) paddy areas hfiogrhp er adudpy the land provide adequate drainage , . toIngrtohw is an is too saturated by seepage from the canal, or 45. A few engineers who reach SE or CE rank stil clafsyeotthheeerncg ro in p e ; e w rs hich reflects poor zoning, and do a mediocre job and to keep quiet in the face i o nd f w in rtoon le grdaobilneg th heapvreesmsuuc re hslteossbjeuscto if rir ca , and simply retire early u . ptti , otno . dSeEsiagpnpaon in One officials th dtaecdon to st a ru bcitg io nne , wanWdosraliddBoapnekn -l ayidaetdmpereotjien ct t if the minor distributories had been pr gos was appalled at the poor standard of first place, the large amounts now having to be spen pteorflyend gineers and senior government unnecessary. He was harrassed so fiercely by his colleag uteosu (i peg si rgandeed th and con t is said) tehm at w he osu tructed re ld ti rheadveeinbete he know arly. nId ta elpelnet at least one CE who t e in dgatnhded Ir yrn ig am ati ioc, naD nd d o id nethseu epartmen ssp am t ec e t , sfsourcshim of a poten pielo ar re tial pilnetaeasroen rna m s. o B re otlh ik m el eynl constituenc tyowetraekeoutthsitsancdoiunrgsley , 46. cCho id ll iencg to m rs eafvoerrangoetlg es iv sitnhgan two years in a place before being transferred. fAorco re rr feos rm po . ndent, h It eiisstvheerCy, o v ll eercytoprow th eartftw he ouC ld ollector a centra ul—fo rni ormally be exp l place in the checking mechanism, writes: are overwhelmingly in not letti nnsgtacnocreru in ptM io anh ec atreadsh to tr a c . oIntt get out of hrso ee l m th set system. In s and; th oem ris ekthtaothhiiosm in e states seen m, itfeh re estiss This b is rinboetsohkinm ave at it, is enormous [loss of career t my ism el pfraerses io re nlafto iv retlhyesam re a a ll I in kntohw is ; l e ig sp het. and disgrace], and the gains from taking what the Collector’s interests are, and what he is acb ia le ll y to because of the distinction between 47. cBoem tte m rm an edntisLeexvpyec is teadlteovyreosnultthien . increase in land values wdhoi . ch the bringing of land under 48. sTyhsitsem di f in fe irrern ig ce in whole. Speed m at o io nnth is e s ‘ ipmairltairaltoeq th ueilp ib ro rium’ and ‘genera ey, if common, prob b ab ab ly le heafsfetch ts of‘slp equilibrium’ effects of the corrupt performance of the bureaucracy, as officials cut ba eck ef ftehcetieoefdsm lo ownienyg ’ d in otwhneb th uereoavuecrraalclywaosrkatphaiysm re ednutcoefdblre ib ve els , tobydm ea elaw ns it ohftw he hiirchpa in rt d ic iv uildauraclassaerse . able rtwooarckceelfefroartteinofo fi rcd ia elrs ’ toefifnov rt itfero th m e 49. T br hiibserhyoladnsdbeex ca to urste io tnheph ay ig m he ernttsaxceosmweoduilsdprlo ik peo ly rt ifoan ll a o te n items of mass consumption, while 50. A of naangortihceurltsuoru al theecronnsotm at ies , ttwoitwhhdoem ta iIlepdutknqouw es lteidogneso si fmalilya from the lande la rrgteoitrh ri ogsaetiaodndc re adn . al m th replied as follows: ssed in th eiuspplaapnedrs ,

Chapter

a It siespsaar id attehC at iricflaen , hAeE so wmaenttismteossh ta ayst in otphaeystahmeeSpElaocfeh and in ord M Circle, for release. is own Cir ecrlet , oedso pe scoiah ll aysitfoittriasnasnfeOrt & oiasnpduttehserTerliab ti unngalt ’ o s 40. f ‘I encitshieonF is not binding on oodgrain oofdorfoprurW ch oarskeporfocgtrrhoaecmgkm ov er eyse , rinnm fl ean te t d , and furn so it is i m tu u re staenrldrio tt lllesw us i e th d upkeep ofb ic ytiitr io riga f gove ursnn ti aomnesst , afuft . ment buil idliin sa gtsiohnavoef 41. cTohmee to light’ [Krishnaswamy, amou tnhtr . ee Supervisors who ca m 19 e80i ] n . the first half of 1981 all reputedly had to pay this 42. o W rd el elrotvoersh1a0r0eAoEustftohuend sh tohre tf m al sle lv oefsphoasv ts i , ngan to dtparkeesucm om ab pluyls ( osriy nc oenteh -e monnotrhmh al o li rdaa ti yos in S su u p pervisors to AEs is 4:1) well over 400 Supervisors. Occasio of won p d ly erasnhdodwem th aenydafroerhsatn af dflemduisntb ir eringoar ti m on al d in epaanry tm b e ig ntcsoenlssterwun ct ailoinmobraglaannicseastiboent , waenedno th nee 43. uHnegnacteedfairtm is e m rs o c re o m di m ffi ocnullytfdoor th n e ot want gates on their sluices, hebreecianusteheifwtohre ld s . luices are w ta a il t -e erndselnotcad ti oow ns n do to wtahnetmu . psT tr heiasm st asf lu fitcoescu to tobfeTg th a e te ir d , wsaotetrh . aOttnhe th yeco an th beerh cl aonsde , dfa armers in themselves and what they want fo rstohretro es ftdoifve th rg eesnycse te m be itswaeefnunw da h m at e n ir ta ri lgfaetaotrusrewnadnmt ore irrig of can fo arl 44. aOrneeaahta ion. swshiscyhmapraethnyotwzhoenreed the farmers could grow some crop other than paddy. But in some ffa ro il m ur e (z too ned) paddy areas hfiogrhp er adudpy the land provide adequate drainage , . toIngrtohw is an is too saturated by seepage from the canal, or 45. A few engineers who reach SE or CE rank stil clafsyeotthheeerncg ro in p e ; e w rs hich reflects poor zoning, and do a mediocre job and to keep quiet in the face i o nd f w in rtoon le grdaobilneg th heapvreesmsuuc re hslteossbjeuscto if rir ca , and simply retire early u . ptti , otno . dSeEsiagpnpaon in One officials th dtaecdon to st a ru bcitg io nne , wanWdosraliddBoapnekn -l ayidaetdmpereotjien ct t if the minor distributories had been pr gos was appalled at the poor standard of first place, the large amounts now having to be spen pteorflyend gineers and senior government unnecessary. He was harrassed so fiercely by his colleag uteosu (i peg si rgandeed th and con t is said) tehm at w he osu tructed re ld ti rheadveeinbete he know arly. nId ta elpelnet at least one CE who t e in dgatnhded Ir yrn ig am ati ioc, naD nd d o id nethseu epartmen ssp am t ec e t , sfsourcshim of a poten pielo ar re tial pilnetaeasroen rna m s. o B re otlh ik m el eynl constituenc tyowetraekeoutthsitsancdoiunrgsley , 46. cCho id ll iencg to m rs eafvoerrangoetlg es iv sitnhgan two years in a place before being transferred. fAorco re rr feos rm po . ndent, h It eiisstvheerCy, o v ll eercytoprow th eartftw he ouC ld ollector a centra ul—fo rni ormally be exp l place in the checking mechanism, writes: are overwhelmingly in not letti nnsgtacnocreru in ptM io anh ec atreadsh to tr a c . oIntt get out of hrso ee l m th set system. In s and; th oem ris ekthtaothhiiosm in e states seen m, itfeh re estiss This b is rinboetsohkinm ave at it, is enormous [loss of career t my ism el pfraerses io re nlafto iv retlhyesam re a a ll I in kntohw is ; l e ig sp het. and disgrace], and the gains from taking what the Collector’s interests are, and what he is acb ia le ll y to because of the distinction between 47. cBoem tte m rm an edntisLeexvpyec is teadlteovyreosnultthien . increase in land values wdhoi . ch the bringing of land under 48. sTyhsitsem di f in fe irrern ig ce in whole. Speed m at o io nnth is e s ‘ ipmairltairaltoeq th ueilp ib ro rium’ and ‘genera ey, if common, prob b ab ab ly le heafsfetch ts of‘slp equilibrium’ effects of the corrupt performance of the bureaucracy, as officials cut ba eck ef ftehcetieoefdsm lo ownienyg ’ d in otwhneb th uereoavuecrraalclywaosrkatphaiysm re ednutcoefdblre ib ve els , tobydm ea elaw ns it ohftw he hiirchpa in rt d ic iv uildauraclassaerse . able rtwooarckceelfefroartteinofo fi rcd ia elrs ’ toefifnov rt itfero th m e 49. T br hiibserhyoladnsdbeex ca to urste io tnheph ay ig m he ernttsaxceosmweoduilsdprlo ik peo ly rt ifoan ll a o te n items of mass consumption, while 50. A of naangortihceurltsuoru al theecronnsotm at ies , ttwoitwhhdoem ta iIlepdutknqouw es lteidogneso si fmalilya from the lande la rrgteoitrh ri ogsaetiaodndc re adn . al m th replied as follows: ssed in th eiuspplaapnedrs ,

DOI link for a It siespsaar id attehC at iricflaen , hAeE so wmaenttismteossh ta ayst in otphaeystahmeeSpElaocfeh and in ord M Circle, for release. is own Cir ecrlet , oedso pe scoiah ll aysitfoittriasnasnfeOrt & oiasnpduttehserTerliab ti unngalt ’ o s 40. f ‘I encitshieonF is not binding on oodgrain oofdorfoprurW ch oarskeporfocgtrrhoaecmgkm ov er eyse , rinnm fl ean te t d , and furn so it is i m tu u re staenrldrio tt lllesw us i e th d upkeep ofb ic ytiitr io riga f gove ursnn ti aomnesst , afuft . ment buil idliin sa gtsiohnavoef 41. cTohmee to light’ [Krishnaswamy, amou tnhtr . ee Supervisors who ca m 19 e80i ] n . the first half of 1981 all reputedly had to pay this 42. o W rd el elrotvoersh1a0r0eAoEustftohuend sh tohre tf m al sle lv oefsphoasv ts i , ngan to dtparkeesucm om ab pluyls ( osriy nc oenteh -e monnotrhmh al o li rdaa ti yos in S su u p pervisors to AEs is 4:1) well over 400 Supervisors. Occasio of won p d ly erasnhdodwem th aenydafroerhsatn af dflemduisntb ir eringoar ti m on al d in epaanry tm b e ig ntcsoenlssterwun ct ailoinmobraglaannicseastiboent , waenedno th nee 43. uHnegnacteedfairtm is e m rs o c re o m di m ffi ocnullytfdoor th n e ot want gates on their sluices, hebreecianusteheifwtohre ld s . luices are w ta a il t -e erndselnotcad ti oow ns n do to wtahnetmu . psT tr heiasm st asf lu fitcoescu to tobfeTg th a e te ir d , wsaotetrh . aOttnhe th yeco an th beerh cl aonsde , dfa armers in themselves and what they want fo rstohretro es ftdoifve th rg eesnycse te m be itswaeefnunw da h m at e n ir ta ri lgfaetaotrusrewnadnmt ore irrig of can fo arl 44. aOrneeaahta ion. swshiscyhmapraethnyotwzhoenreed the farmers could grow some crop other than paddy. But in some ffa ro il m ur e (z too ned) paddy areas hfiogrhp er adudpy the land provide adequate drainage , . toIngrtohw is an is too saturated by seepage from the canal, or 45. A few engineers who reach SE or CE rank stil clafsyeotthheeerncg ro in p e ; e w rs hich reflects poor zoning, and do a mediocre job and to keep quiet in the face i o nd f w in rtoon le grdaobilneg th heapvreesmsuuc re hslteossbjeuscto if rir ca , and simply retire early u . ptti , otno . dSeEsiagpnpaon in One officials th dtaecdon to st a ru bcitg io nne , wanWdosraliddBoapnekn -l ayidaetdmpereotjien ct t if the minor distributories had been pr gos was appalled at the poor standard of first place, the large amounts now having to be spen pteorflyend gineers and senior government unnecessary. He was harrassed so fiercely by his colleag uteosu (i peg si rgandeed th and con t is said) tehm at w he osu tructed re ld ti rheadveeinbete he know arly. nId ta elpelnet at least one CE who t e in dgatnhded Ir yrn ig am ati ioc, naD nd d o id nethseu epartmen ssp am t ec e t , sfsourcshim of a poten pielo ar re tial pilnetaeasroen rna m s. o B re otlh ik m el eynl constituenc tyowetraekeoutthsitsancdoiunrgsley , 46. cCho id ll iencg to m rs eafvoerrangoetlg es iv sitnhgan two years in a place before being transferred. fAorco re rr feos rm po . ndent, h It eiisstvheerCy, o v ll eercytoprow th eartftw he ouC ld ollector a centra ul—fo rni ormally be exp l place in the checking mechanism, writes: are overwhelmingly in not letti nnsgtacnocreru in ptM io anh ec atreadsh to tr a c . oIntt get out of hrso ee l m th set system. In s and; th oem ris ekthtaothhiiosm in e states seen m, itfeh re estiss This b is rinboetsohkinm ave at it, is enormous [loss of career t my ism el pfraerses io re nlafto iv retlhyesam re a a ll I in kntohw is ; l e ig sp het. and disgrace], and the gains from taking what the Collector’s interests are, and what he is acb ia le ll y to because of the distinction between 47. cBoem tte m rm an edntisLeexvpyec is teadlteovyreosnultthien . increase in land values wdhoi . ch the bringing of land under 48. sTyhsitsem di f in fe irrern ig ce in whole. Speed m at o io nnth is e s ‘ ipmairltairaltoeq th ueilp ib ro rium’ and ‘genera ey, if common, prob b ab ab ly le heafsfetch ts of‘slp equilibrium’ effects of the corrupt performance of the bureaucracy, as officials cut ba eck ef ftehcetieoefdsm lo ownienyg ’ d in otwhneb th uereoavuecrraalclywaosrkatphaiysm re ednutcoefdblre ib ve els , tobydm ea elaw ns it ohftw he hiirchpa in rt d ic iv uildauraclassaerse . able rtwooarckceelfefroartteinofo fi rcd ia elrs ’ toefifnov rt itfero th m e 49. T br hiibserhyoladnsdbeex ca to urste io tnheph ay ig m he ernttsaxceosmweoduilsdprlo ik peo ly rt ifoan ll a o te n items of mass consumption, while 50. A of naangortihceurltsuoru al theecronnsotm at ies , ttwoitwhhdoem ta iIlepdutknqouw es lteidogneso si fmalilya from the lande la rrgteoitrh ri ogsaetiaodndc re adn . al m th replied as follows: ssed in th eiuspplaapnedrs ,

a It siespsaar id attehC at iricflaen , hAeE so wmaenttismteossh ta ayst in otphaeystahmeeSpElaocfeh and in ord M Circle, for release. is own Cir ecrlet , oedso pe scoiah ll aysitfoittriasnasnfeOrt & oiasnpduttehserTerliab ti unngalt ’ o s 40. f ‘I encitshieonF is not binding on oodgrain oofdorfoprurW ch oarskeporfocgtrrhoaecmgkm ov er eyse , rinnm fl ean te t d , and furn so it is i m tu u re staenrldrio tt lllesw us i e th d upkeep ofb ic ytiitr io riga f gove ursnn ti aomnesst , afuft . ment buil idliin sa gtsiohnavoef 41. cTohmee to light’ [Krishnaswamy, amou tnhtr . ee Supervisors who ca m 19 e80i ] n . the first half of 1981 all reputedly had to pay this 42. o W rd el elrotvoersh1a0r0eAoEustftohuend sh tohre tf m al sle lv oefsphoasv ts i , ngan to dtparkeesucm om ab pluyls ( osriy nc oenteh -e monnotrhmh al o li rdaa ti yos in S su u p pervisors to AEs is 4:1) well over 400 Supervisors. Occasio of won p d ly erasnhdodwem th aenydafroerhsatn af dflemduisntb ir eringoar ti m on al d in epaanry tm b e ig ntcsoenlssterwun ct ailoinmobraglaannicseastiboent , waenedno th nee 43. uHnegnacteedfairtm is e m rs o c re o m di m ffi ocnullytfdoor th n e ot want gates on their sluices, hebreecianusteheifwtohre ld s . luices are w ta a il t -e erndselnotcad ti oow ns n do to wtahnetmu . psT tr heiasm st asf lu fitcoescu to tobfeTg th a e te ir d , wsaotetrh . aOttnhe th yeco an th beerh cl aonsde , dfa armers in themselves and what they want fo rstohretro es ftdoifve th rg eesnycse te m be itswaeefnunw da h m at e n ir ta ri lgfaetaotrusrewnadnmt ore irrig of can fo arl 44. aOrneeaahta ion. swshiscyhmapraethnyotwzhoenreed the farmers could grow some crop other than paddy. But in some ffa ro il m ur e (z too ned) paddy areas hfiogrhp er adudpy the land provide adequate drainage , . toIngrtohw is an is too saturated by seepage from the canal, or 45. A few engineers who reach SE or CE rank stil clafsyeotthheeerncg ro in p e ; e w rs hich reflects poor zoning, and do a mediocre job and to keep quiet in the face i o nd f w in rtoon le grdaobilneg th heapvreesmsuuc re hslteossbjeuscto if rir ca , and simply retire early u . ptti , otno . dSeEsiagpnpaon in One officials th dtaecdon to st a ru bcitg io nne , wanWdosraliddBoapnekn -l ayidaetdmpereotjien ct t if the minor distributories had been pr gos was appalled at the poor standard of first place, the large amounts now having to be spen pteorflyend gineers and senior government unnecessary. He was harrassed so fiercely by his colleag uteosu (i peg si rgandeed th and con t is said) tehm at w he osu tructed re ld ti rheadveeinbete he know arly. nId ta elpelnet at least one CE who t e in dgatnhded Ir yrn ig am ati ioc, naD nd d o id nethseu epartmen ssp am t ec e t , sfsourcshim of a poten pielo ar re tial pilnetaeasroen rna m s. o B re otlh ik m el eynl constituenc tyowetraekeoutthsitsancdoiunrgsley , 46. cCho id ll iencg to m rs eafvoerrangoetlg es iv sitnhgan two years in a place before being transferred. fAorco re rr feos rm po . ndent, h It eiisstvheerCy, o v ll eercytoprow th eartftw he ouC ld ollector a centra ul—fo rni ormally be exp l place in the checking mechanism, writes: are overwhelmingly in not letti nnsgtacnocreru in ptM io anh ec atreadsh to tr a c . oIntt get out of hrso ee l m th set system. In s and; th oem ris ekthtaothhiiosm in e states seen m, itfeh re estiss This b is rinboetsohkinm ave at it, is enormous [loss of career t my ism el pfraerses io re nlafto iv retlhyesam re a a ll I in kntohw is ; l e ig sp het. and disgrace], and the gains from taking what the Collector’s interests are, and what he is acb ia le ll y to because of the distinction between 47. cBoem tte m rm an edntisLeexvpyec is teadlteovyreosnultthien . increase in land values wdhoi . ch the bringing of land under 48. sTyhsitsem di f in fe irrern ig ce in whole. Speed m at o io nnth is e s ‘ ipmairltairaltoeq th ueilp ib ro rium’ and ‘genera ey, if common, prob b ab ab ly le heafsfetch ts of‘slp equilibrium’ effects of the corrupt performance of the bureaucracy, as officials cut ba eck ef ftehcetieoefdsm lo ownienyg ’ d in otwhneb th uereoavuecrraalclywaosrkatphaiysm re ednutcoefdblre ib ve els , tobydm ea elaw ns it ohftw he hiirchpa in rt d ic iv uildauraclassaerse . able rtwooarckceelfefroartteinofo fi rcd ia elrs ’ toefifnov rt itfero th m e 49. T br hiibserhyoladnsdbeex ca to urste io tnheph ay ig m he ernttsaxceosmweoduilsdprlo ik peo ly rt ifoan ll a o te n items of mass consumption, while 50. A of naangortihceurltsuoru al theecronnsotm at ies , ttwoitwhhdoem ta iIlepdutknqouw es lteidogneso si fmalilya from the lande la rrgteoitrh ri ogsaetiaodndc re adn . al m th replied as follows: ssed in th eiuspplaapnedrs ,

ABSTRACT

38. It is said that if an AE wants to stay in the same place and in order to do so has to transfer to a separate Circle, he sometimes has to pay the SE of his own Circle, especially if it is an O & M Circle, for release.39. They can appeal to the Administrative Tribunal, to which all service disputes relating to government employees may be referred; but the procedure is bothersome and the Tribunal’s decision is not binding on the government, so it is little used by irrigation staff.40. ‘In the Food for Work programmes, inflated muster rolls with fictitious names, utilisation of foodgrain for purchase of crockery and furniture and upkeep of government buildings have come to light’ [Krishnaswamy, 1980].41. The three Supervisors who came in the first half of 1981 all reputedly had to pay this amount.42. Well over 100 AEs found themselves having to take compulsory one-month holidays in order to share out the shortfall of posts, and presumably (since the normal ratio of Supervisors to AEs is 4:1) well over 400 Supervisors. Occasional imbalances between the supply and demand for staff must be normal in any big construction organisation, and one wonders how they are handled in irrigation departments elsewhere in the world.43. Hence farmers commonly do not want gates on their sluices, because if the sluices are ungated it is more difficult for the staff to cut ofT their water. On the other hand, farmers in tail-end locations do want upstream sluices to be gated, so that they can be closed and more water sent down to them. This sort of divergence between what irrigators want for themselves and what they want for the rest of the system is a fundamental feature of canal irrigation.44. One has sympathy where the farmers could grow some crop other than paddy. But in some areas which are not zoned for paddy the land is too saturated by seepage from the canal, or from (zoned) paddy areas higher up, to grow any other crop; which reflects poor zoning, and failure to provide adequate drainage. In this case the engineers have much less justification.45. A few engineers who reach SE or CE rank still find intolerable the pressures to be corrupt, to do a mediocre job and to keep quiet in the face of wrongdoing, and simply retire early. One SE appointed to a big new World Bank-aided project was appalled at the poor standard of design and construction, and said openly at meetings of engineers and senior government officials that if the minor distributories had been properly designed and constructed in the first place, the large amounts now having to be spent to upgrade them would have been unnecessary. He was harrassed so fiercely by his colleagues (it is said) that he retired early. I know at least one CE who did the same, for similar reasons. Both men were outstandingly talented and dynamic, and one suspects such people are more likely to take this course, depleting the Irrigation Department of a potential internal constituency for reform.46. Collectors average less than two years in a place before being transferred. A correspondent, chiding me for not giving the Collector a central place in the checking mechanism, writes:It is the Collector that would normally be expected to control the system. In some states he is very, very powerful-for instance in Maharashtra. It seems to me that his interests are overwhelmingly in not letting corruption get out of hand; the risk to him, if he is seen to knave at it, is enormous [loss of career and disgrace], and the gains from taking bribes himself are relatively small in this light.This is not my impression for the area I know; especially because of the distinction between what the Collector’s interests are, and what he is able to do.47. Betterment Levy is a levy on the increase in land values which the bringing of land under command is expected to result in.48. This difference in the ‘partial equilibrium’ and ‘general equilibrium’ effects of the corrupt system in irrigation is similar to the probable effects o f ‘speed money’ in the bureaucracy as a whole. Speed money, if common, probably has the effect of slowing down the overall work performance of the bureaucracy, as officials cut back their work effort in order to invite the payment of bribes, by means of which individuals are able to accelerate officials’ effort from this reduced level to deal with their particular cases.49. This holds because the higher taxes would likely fall on items of mass consumption, while bribery and extortion payments come disproportionately from the landed.50. An agricultural economist with detailed knowledge of a large irrigation canal m the uplands of another southern state, to whom I put questions similar to those addressed in this paper, replied as follows: