ABSTRACT
Since the early 1970s, new parties with populist credentials have helped to reconfigure competitive politics and policy debates in North America, much of Europe, New Zealand and Australia. Every account of ideologies is a view from somewhere, which highlights some features and accords less prominence to others. To fully convey the interpenetration of populist ideological elements and fuller ideologies of the left, centre and right, one would have to map these elements as influential but dependent parts of broader ideological frameworks. When conceived as rule by citizens over as much of their collective public life as possible, popular sovereignty's desirability is seldom openly questioned. The real debate concerns how citizens can engage in collective decision making in how much of public life and civil society. Promotion of direct democratic remedies to representational failures has been a common feature of new right Populists in North America and Europe.
