ABSTRACT
Early cheating detection efforts focused largely on examining the similarity of response patterns as evidence that test takers engaged in copying behavior. Perhaps the earliest publications examining the issue of test fraud were Bird’s (1927, 1929) methods for detecting similarities in the response patterns among pairs of examinees. Three years later, Crawford (1930) expanded the early literature on cheating detection by highlighting a method for detecting copying among pairs of examinees that involved calculating the percentage of identical wrong answers and comparing that value with other pairs of examinees to determine if the value was significantly different. These early methods set the foundation for future efforts examining varying approaches for detecting potential test fraud.
