ABSTRACT
The United States is one of the most developed countries in the world, yet our students consistently perform poorly or in a mediocre fashion on international comparisons of achievement (AIR, 2005). The results are particularly bleak for Latin@s, 1 Black Americans, 2 English-language learners, American Indians, and students living in poverty, for whom the schooling system has failed. Even when students across the nation make overall gains, as they did in 2011, significant gaps between racial groups remain (Aud et al., 2012). Many Americans are wondering: How will we improve the state of public education?
