ABSTRACT
This chapter summarises the drivers, perpetrators, manifestations and impacts of transnational environmental crime (TEC). Based on these, it identifies and analyses targeted command and control mechanisms. The chapter discusses consensual instruments and addresses innovative, inclusive cooperation tools and awareness-raising initiatives. The complex dynamics underpinning TEC require a shift from mere public regulation and a related enforcement-based approach to a multifaceted governance paradigm where the public action coexists and interacts with the inclusive contribution of non-state actors, legitimate business and citizens. Incentives to adopt non-binding mechanisms like Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, which require full compliance with environmental legislation, should be further enhanced, and this should be done not as an alternative to command and control mechanisms. The voluntary adhesion to such mechanisms by a given organisation, in implying compliance with environmental legislation, should indirectly contribute to reducing the risk of the commission of environmental crimes within the adopting organisation.
