ABSTRACT
This chapter explores how a number of Latin American thinkers have put in practice cosmopolitan projects and by doing so developed cosmopolitical projects that should be seen as tools to advance universalism as humanitarian and inter-species projects of conviviality. It describes the idea that cosmopolitics is rooted in histories and interpretations which are the main sources of creation of a cosmopolitan imaginary, a version of what Appiah calls 'rooted cosmopolitanism.' In an empirical sense, in Latin America in the nineteenth century there was the foundation of non-colonial, modern, liberal, and republican states which were marked by a new kind of mixed social configuration. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the cosmopolitan perspective in Latin America has been marked by the fact that we are living in an increasingly connected world. As the work of Mariategui shows, the ethnic and the racial question in post-colonial Latin American dominated debates in the first half of the twentieth century.
