ABSTRACT
This chapter presents the effort elements described by Rudolf Laban with the addition of psychological and developmental aspects that Janet Kestenberg Amighi and her associates elaborated upon and changes in terminology as influenced by their teacher, Warren Lamb. Kestenberg and colleagues found that effort elements mature gradually on the foundations of tension flow attributes and pre-efforts. Kestenberg and colleagues define efforts as motion factors that express changes in attitudes toward space, weight, and time, serving adaptive functions. Rudolf Laban developed the concept of efforts that he defined as the dynamics, or impulse of movement based on inner intent. Laban's system of efforts and flow factors, and adapted his system of efforts to the study of later infant/child development. A person using indirect efforts tends to pay attention in a multi-focused manner. Personality, culture, specific context, and history all affect the balance between the use of direct and indirect efforts.
