ABSTRACT
This chapter analyses national efforts in developing cyber command in five European small to mid-size countries: Estonia, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. It deals with a general overview of cyber commands, and explicates the following areas of the organizational development on cyber command: rationale for creation, organization, key missions, and political authorization of expeditionary operations. Some countries such as Estonia, Germany, and Norway created cyber commands because it was a way to centralize, consolidate, and streamline formerly fragmented information and communication technologies and cyber-related capabilities and organizations. Cyber commands oversee integrating cyber effects into the planning of military operations, usually in close cooperation with operation division and other relevant departments of the armed forces. As with any military command, cyber commands will become responsible for the development of non-operational capability elements, in particular, personnel policies, and educating, training and exercises.
