ABSTRACT
This chapter argues the classical theories derived ideas from and focuses on industry, the market place and the state. It analyses the recognition that terms, concepts and theory all developed in the public domain to deal with the problems of that domain may well be that concepts of 'work' and 'labouring' have in the end to be superseded. The chapter leads to a rethinking of what constitutes work, especially in the human services, and what the rewards and sanctions, incentives and disincentives are and upon what they are based. Some of the rewards and disincentives are nowadays associated with many kinds of waged work in healing, caring, teaching, guiding and counselling occupations. The chapter shows not only the classical theories originating in the public domain omitted certain crucial aspects of the division of labour but also that the contributions of the interactionist school of thought address issues overlooked by all the classical European schools.
