This chapter presents history, economic statistics, and federal government directories of Kabardino-Balkar Republic. The Kabardino-Balkar Republic is situated on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus and on the Kabardin Flatlands. North Osetiya—Alaniya lies to the east, Georgia to the south-west, Stavropol Krai to the north, and the Karachai-Cherkess Republic to the west. The Republic's major rivers are the Terek and the Baksan. The Turkic Kabardins are believed to be descended from the Adyges and the Alans. They were converted to Islam in the 16th century, but in 1561 appealed to Tsar Ivan IV for protection against Tatar rule. Gross regional product in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic amounted to 125,393m roubles in 2015, equivalent to 145,555 roubles per head. The Republic's main industrial centres are at Nalchik, Tyrnauz and Prokhladnyi. In 2015 there were 133 km of railways and 7,060 km of roads in the Republic.