ABSTRACT
Evolutionary theories in biology evoke more controversy both among biologists and among onlookers than theories in any other branch of science with the possible exception of social and political theories. Various garbled versions of such criticisms by eminent biologists have been used by creationists and by popular media to question whether evolution in biological systems did at all occur. The models in evolutionary ecology are based on the Charles Darwinian theory that the evolution of adaptation takes place as a result of natural selection but the non-inclusion of genetics implies that Mendelian mechanisms as well as effects of mutations are neglected. Living systems are thermo-dynamically far from equilibrium, consuming negentrophy from the sun to produce highly complex ordered systems. The biochemical cycle utilizes solar energy to maintain its motion. The solar energy is stored as potential energy in molecular bonds of organic molecules and is released during various metablic processes that take place in the organism.
