This chapter argues that top-down processes in establishing lasting peace emphasize regional stability, balances of power, the positioning of key allies, and the interests of external parties. Drawing on examples from Bosnia, it illustrates some of the practical implications of bottom-up peacebuilding for the military players in modem peacekeeping. To put themselves out of business, military peacekeepers must become adept at fulfilling appropriate, and necessarily subordinate, roles in four distinct requirements for national reconstruction: security, governance, development and reconciliation. The peacebuilding requirements suggested security, governance, relief and development, and reconciliation constitute a framework of inter-related objectives that support national reconstruction. Reconciliation can be represented physically by the return to former communities of refugees and internally displaced persons from which they were expelled and who reside with others in the community. The chapter shows the military instrument is only a small, and certainly not the most important, part of the problem of reestablishing post-war communal security.