The social and economic issues are typically addressed by a wide variety of agencies in a complex network of government at federal, state, county, and city levels, in addition to a separate network of nonprofit and charitable organizations that deliver human services. A more comprehensive, coordinated approach to bridging the gap between physical planning and human services is clearly in its infancy. There is a strong tendency for human service organizations and agencies to be single-purpose ones. Most of the planning in the human service field takes place within individual agencies. As large cities update or revise their general plans, it is likely they will increasingly focus on human services in addition to the traditional land-use, public facilities, and transportation systems. A relatively thorough literature search in the fields of planning, city management, local government finance, and human services, along with contact with major national associations, resulted in the documentation of the few human services investment planning efforts.