ABSTRACT
This chapter describes the structure and evidence on carbon markets as they stand. It outlines the concept of ecological modernisation before showing how carbon markets are ecological modernisation in practice. The chapter considers the problems of carbon markets, ecological modernisation and what this means for limiting Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). It draws on critiques of ecological modernisation using social theories such as the treadmill of production. The chapter also outlines what steps have been taken to address crime in carbon markets and ecological modernisation. It focuses on potential ways forward to address carbon market crime and an alternative approach to ecological modernisation as a way to reduce GHGs. The adoption of carbon markets as a mechanism to reduce GHGs is influenced by the global political-economic system. In 2013, Interpol released a report documenting the extent of criminal activity in carbon markets.
