ABSTRACT
This chapter provides examples of how advocacy groups have used the different types of pressure campaign and the types of collaborative relationship to change corporate policies and practices. Since the 1960s citizen advocacy groups have taken their demands directly to corporations. In a variety of ways, rational and radical, peaceful and violent, they have directly confronted the social, environmental and economic policies of private companies to make changes. To change corporate behaviour by forcing companies to comply with existing laws and regulations, advocacy groups need highly skilled legal and technical expertise and sufficient funds to pay for the high cost of litigation. In the 1970s and 1980s many environmental organisations employed enforce the rules strategy when they sued companies for violating environmental regulations. Environmental Defense Fund's Executive Director Fred Krupp began to explore using market incentives to resolve environmental problems.
