ABSTRACT
The industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark, located 100 km west of Copenhagen, is an environmental network that has developed over the past two decades. It was not a planned network, but a series of projects initially quite independent from one another. There was no original joint management, but rather bilateral agreements between independent partners. And, most interesting, the network did not evolve with any academic knowledge of scientific environmental network theories, but as good and economical management practice. The original incentive to all the ‘shared’ projects at Kalundborg was profitability. All projects required investments and resulted in revenues or savings for the parties involved.
