ABSTRACT
Token economies in environments ranging from “home” type settings (Phillips, 1968) to large wards (Ayllon and Azrin, 1968) have used a variety of procedures for dispensing tokens and points. Many such systems have relied on points and credits rather than physical tokens, perhaps because the dispensing of such tokens can become difficult and time consuming when room inspection or general ward cleanup occurs on a large hospital ward. In addition, the token’s advantage of being usable in token-operated automatic dispensing machines (e.g., soft drink and cigarette dispensers) is of no consequence in low-budget systems such as state hospitals that cannot afford to introduce these devices.
