ABSTRACT
The doctrinal origins of the philosophy of the bomb emerged in the nineteenth century but its antecedents predate the invention of modern explosives. Terrorism has always been justified as a means of resisting despotism and as such its origins are of course to be found in antiquity. Violence did not impede the march toward social progress and political freedom: "Take the case of Russia and Turkey for example". The concept of "propaganda by deed" figured prominently in the deliberations of the International Anarchist Congress, which took place in London in July 1881. Certain events had shown that the revolutionary party in Russia no longer faced just the Tsarist regime; social classes had emerged in the revolution and individual terror was of no avail in the class struggle. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels regarded most and his supporters as semieducated, muddleheaded men – or, alternatively, as dangerous charlatans. Right-wing terror in Europe between the two world wars took many different forms.
