ABSTRACT
In this chapter we refer to standard setting as the process by which performance cut points are established on an assessment. However, contrary to what the term implies, standard setting occurs near the end of the process in establishing standards of achievement for students. Educational standards are established by the educational community and by other stakeholders, through a usually public process of meetings, conferences, and hearings. Where they exist formally, published academic standards are generally based on curriculum frameworks or guidelines. Academic standards, then, specify what a student should know and be able to do. In some cases, these standards are incorporated into curriculum guidelines or frameworks, and do not exist as separate documents.
